A laundry ball or washing ball is a product that is promoted as a substitute for laundry detergent. Producers of laundry balls often make pseudoscientific claims about how these balls work and exaggerate the extent of their benefits.
In the US as of 1998 the product was often sold on home shopping channels or by participants in multilevel marketing, although this is not the case in all countries.
While many individuals report that these balls work, most test results show them to be similar to or less effective than washing in water without any detergent. Most of the effect can be attributed to the mechanical effect of the ball or to using hot water instead of cold water.
The US Federal Trade Commission has taken action against some of the manufacturers of these products because of their misleading claims. Consumer organizations from several countries have recommended against buying this type of product.
Video Laundry ball
Types of laundry ball
There are several shapes of laundry balls: laundry disks, globes, spheres or doughnuts. Some of the balls carry components inside, like ceramic pieces, magnetic material or coloured liquid that is claimed to be "activated water". Manufacturers claim that these components have certain effects on washing efficacy, although studies don't show any difference between the different types of balls. Some balls can be refilled with pellets of special detergent, or other ingredients.
Maps Laundry ball
Benefits claimed by manufacturers
Laundry balls are marketed as cheaper, environmentally friendly alternatives to ordinary washing powders or liquids. The manufacturers claim the following benefits, which are technically real:
- Lack of chemicals which may harm the environment
- Hypoallergenic and anti-irritation.
- Reduced water usage (because less rinsing is required - this assumes the customer uses a different setting on their washing machine)
- Reduced use of energy by using cold water (see embodied energy)
- Can be re-used many times before refilling or replacing. This can range from 60 to 2000 wash loads
But they also claim many benefits that laundry balls don't have according to many studies:
- Removing stains as effectively as detergents
- Removing germs and bacteria as effectively as detergents.
- Removing odors
- Effective as bleacher
- Effective as softener
- Softening hard water
- Changing the pH of water
- Breaking molecule "clusters" in water, allowing easier penetration into the fabric
However, the real effects are comparable to those of washing without any detergent and are sometimes worse.
Possible dangers
The laundry ball could break open during washing, and the ceramic pieces inside it could damage the machinery of the washing machine.
Claimed mechanisms of action
Manufacturers rarely agree on why their laundry balls work, hinting that these claims are just made up by each individual manufacturer. Some claims are not backed by science, while others are an exaggeration of benefits. Balls that contain detergents may offer more cleaning power than water alone because their ingredients are comparable to normal washing powder, but in smaller quantities. It is claimed that conventional washing powder manufacturers recommend using more powder than is necessary, and that these powders contain unnecessary fillers or fragrances.
The effect of the laundry balls may be explained by simple mechanical action and by the usage of hotter water. Some manufacturers claim that their products reduce energy consumption, but their pamphlets recommend using hot water. Hot water will clean some types of spots better than cold water, leading some people to conclude that the balls worked. The mechanical action of the laundry balls can help clean some types of spots, but a golf ball will achieve the same effect for much less money.
Infrared
Some manufacturers claim that the components inside their balls emit far infrared rays, which are claimed to reduce the surface tension of water and facilitate washing. The claim of emitting infrared is not false, as almost all materials emit "far infrared waves" at room temperature, in other words, heat radiation. It is also true that heating reduces the surface tension of water, but the effect of the radiation emitted by the balls is negligible compared to the radiation emitted by the internal walls of the washing machine or by the water, especially if it's hot water.
Magnetic properties
Magnetic water softeners claim that their magnetic fields can help remove scale from the washing machine and pipes, and prevent new limescale from adhering. Some companies claim to remove hardness ions from hard water, or to precipitate the molecules in the water so they won't "stick" to the pipes, or to reduce the surface tension of water. The claims are dubious, the scientific basis is unclear, the working mechanism is vaguely defined and understudied, and high-quality studies report negative results. The reputation of these products is further damaged by the pseudoscientific explanations that promoters keep putting forward.
Changes to water structure
Some magnetic products claim that they "change the molecular structure of water", a pseudoscientific claim with no real scientific basis. There is no such thing as "magnetized water". Water is not paramagnetic, which means that water molecules don't align in the presence of a magnetic field. Water is repelled by magnets because it's diamagnetic, but to such a small degree that most instruments can't detect it.
Special detergent
Some balls are refillable with small pellets of detergent which are sold only by the manufacturer of the ball. Critics question whether the amount and type of detergent released by these balls is sufficient to generate significant cleaning effects.
Consumer protection
In 1997, Amway offered a ceramic washing disk on its catalogue, but removed it after concluding that it had "no measurable impact on overall cleaning."
In 1997 Trade-Net, sold a laundry ball product (the Blue Laundry Ball) in various US states. Trade-Net claimed that the blue liquid inside their balls was structured water "that emits a negative charge through the walls of the container into your laundry water." "This causes the water molecule cluster to disassociate, allowing much smaller individual water molecules to penetrate into the innermost part of the fabric." Dennis Barnum, a professor of inorganic chemistry at Portland State University, said that the liquid was just water with a blue dye and couldn't possibly have the effect claimed by the manufacturer. Barnum also said that the claims were "gibberish" and used scientific terms in ways that sounded educated to the layman but didn't make any real sense. The Oregonian tested the balls, and found they washed marginally better than hot water with no detergent, and worse than using detergent.
After complaints, Trade-Net's claims were investigated by consumer protection departments in Utah, Oregon and Florida, amongst others, and the company was prohibited from making certain claims, including that "such product cleans as well as conventional laundry detergent". Trade-Net offered a 'new' laundry ball product after this, but were forced to pay fines, including $190,000 to Oregon's Department of Justice, $10,000 to Utah and then in April 1999, $155,000 to the states of New York, Arizona, Arkansas, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, Oklahoma and the FTC. The company disappeared shortly thereafter. The Federal Trade Commission has levied fines against other companies for similar fraudulent claims. However, other companies kept selling similar products over the Internet.
The judge ruling against Trade-Net, issued in April 1999, said the manufacturers failed to substantiate their claims and hadn't informed consumers about reports showing that the claims were incorrect.
The Australian Consumers' Association published a report in the April 1998 issue of its magazine Choice. It concluded that laundry balls were no better than cold water.
The US Federal Trade Commission published in 1999 about laundry balls, rings and discs: "Tests show that these gadgets do little more than clean out your wallet. At best, they're marginally better than washing clothes in hot water alone, and not as effective as washing them with laundry detergent. At worst, the products are completely useless."
In 2000 the magazine Good Housekeeping tested several laundry balls sold in the US and concluded that "these gizmos do little more than clean out your wallet."
In April 2009 the Italian consumer association Altroconsumo carried a small test and concluded that laundry balls didn't wash better than plain water.
In 2009 the Spanish consumer organization OCU made a study of "ecobolas" (a type of laundry ball marketed in Spain). It compared the efficacy of the laundry ball, normal detergent, and no detergent at all. It concluded that laundry balls were no better than using just water, and it recommended that consumers simply use a minimum amount of detergent.
In November 2011, the Hong Kong Consumer Council published a report on the effect of using washing liquid, washing powder and washing balls. The former two were shown to be effective in removing stains, while the washing balls were not more effective than plain water.
Some organizations recommending against their use are Consumers Union, International Fabricare Institute (now called Drycleaning and Laundry Institute), Maytag, Soap and Detergent Association and Spanish OCU.
In February 2011 the Spanish National Institute of Consume (Instituto Nacional del Consumo INC) ordered 14 manufacturers to cease their deceiving advertisement after testing the wash balls and concluding that they are as effective, or even less effective, than washing with water alone.
In August 2012 the Portuguese Consumer Rights Council requested a ban on the washing balls because none of the advantages advertised were proven in tests.
The Australian consumer advocacy group (Choice Australia) gave a 'Shonky Award' to Nanosmart Laundry Balls in October 2015, stating that they "don't work" and that they should be renamed "Nano-not-so-smart" after testing the balls against plain water and finding they had no effect and that their scientific claims were simply untrue. Choice Australia states that they will refer the product to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission for investigation over Nanosmart's misleading claims.
By making very vague claims, marketers can continue to sell laundry balls without running afoul of consumer protection laws that require veracity in advertisement.
Selling channels
The product is often sold by participants in multilevel marketing. They can also be found in ecological retail stores.
During the initial marketing boom, balls were manufactured for other market niches, like washing cars.
See also
- Soap nuts
- Stainless steel soap
- List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
References
External links
- Do laundry balls really work?, July 25, 1997, The Straight Dope
- The ABI Laundry Ball and The Laundry Solution and The Laundry Clean Disk & about twenty others just like them!, entry in The Skeptic's Dictionary
- Laundry Discs Aired on Market Place, November 17, 1998, CBC News, Marketplace program on scams section.
Source of article : Wikipedia
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